Captcha Challenge…
Mời chúng ta làm bài bác tập ôn luyện dạng bài xích YES/NO/NOT GIVEN trong IELTS Reading. Bài xích tập này giúp chúng ta ôn lại tài năng xử lý dạng bài xích Yes/No/Not given tương tự như củng núm lượng từ vựng. Bài xích có toàn bộ 6 câu hỏi chọn đáp án đúng. Sau khoản thời gian làm chấm dứt bài, chúng ta hãy ấn submit để xem hiệu quả bài làm của mình và giải thích của từng câu hỏi. Các bạn hãy thử làm để củng cầm cố và cải thiện kiến thức để chuẩn bị cho bài bác thi IELTS Reading nhé!
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REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF FOOD PROMOTION khổng lồ CHILDREN
This đánh giá was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to lớn examine the current research evidence on:
• the extent và nature of food promotion khổng lồ children
• the effect, if any, that this promotion has on their food knowledge, preferences and behaviour.
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A Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising, & the great majority of this promotes the so-called ‘Big Four’ of pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft-drinks, confectionary & savoury snacks. In the last ten years advertising for fast food outlets has rapidly increased. There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications combining television with merchandising, ‘tie-ins’ and point of sale activity. The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, & themes of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health & nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support.
B There is plenty of evidence that children notice & enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether this actually influences them is a complex problem. The đánh giá tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food behaviour (both buying and eating), & their health outcomes (eg. Obesity or cholesterol levels). The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to lớn have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge. For example, seeing soft drink và cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s ability khổng lồ determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.
C The nhận xét also found evidence that food promotion influences children’s food preferences và their purchase behaviour. A study of primary school children, for instance, found that exposure khổng lồ advertising influenced which foods they claimed lớn like; và another showed that labelling và signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils. A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat. One, for example, showed that advertising influenced a primary class’s choice of daily snack at playtime.
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D The next step, of trying to establish whether or not a liên kết exists between food promotion & diet or obesity, is extremely difficult as it requires research lớn be done in real world settings. A number of studies have attempted this by using amount of television viewing as a proxy for exposure khổng lồ television advertising. They have established a clear links between television viewing & diet, obesity, & cholesterol levels. It is impossible khổng lồ say, however, whether this effect is caused by the advertising, the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing. One study resolved this problem by taking a detailed diary of children’s viewing habits. This showed that the more food adverts they saw, the more snacks and calories they consumed.
E Thus the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet in a number of ways. This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable. Nor bởi all studies point to lớn this conclusion; several have not found an effect. In addition, very few studies have attempted to measure how strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices. Nonetheless, many studies have found clear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to lớn determine that i) these effects are not just due khổng lồ chance; ii) they are independent of other factors that may influence diet, such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; & iii) they occur at a brand & category level.
F Furthermore, two factors suggest that these findings actually downplay the effect that food promotion has on children. First, the literature focuses principally on television advertising; the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely lớn be significantly greater. Second, the studies have looked at direct effects on individual children, and understate indirect influences. For example, promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child, but also encourage parents lớn take them for meals và reinforce the idea that this is a normal & desirable behaviour.
G This does not amount to lớn proof of an effect, but in our view does provide sufficient evidence lớn conclude that an effect exists. The debate should now shift khổng lồ what kích hoạt is needed, and specifically khổng lồ how the power nguồn of commercial marketing can be used to lớn bring about improvements in young people’s eating.
